Attendance is a powerful metric that can help students who may need additional support—social, cognitive, or otherwise. However, problems arise when school district attendance rates are tied to dollars. States that use attendance-based methodologies (instead of enrollment) risk underfunding districts with the greatest populations of high-needs students—especially now.
State and local funding constitute, on average, about 90% of school district revenue nationwide. In many states, the local funding contributions flow through the state treasury en route to school districts. In either case, states use an enrollment number of some kind to allocate state-calculated revenue to districts on a per-pupil basis.
This is not as straightforward as it may sound. Most state policies call for a fall enrollment count. This count typically happens through one or a combination of the following methods:
The table below provides an overview of counting methodologies by state.
|
Count Method |
States |
|
Single Count Date |
Colorado, Delaware, Connecticut, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, South Dakota, West Virginia |
|
Multiple Count Dates |
Arizona, Georgia, Hawaii, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Montana, Washington, Wisconsin |
|
Average Daily Attendance (ADA) |
California, Idaho, Illinois, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Texas |
|
Average Daily Membership (ADM) |
Arkansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Virginia |
|
Single Count Period |
Alabama, Alaska, New Mexico, Wyoming |
|
Multiple Count Periods |
Florida, Ohio |
Adapted from Average Daily Attendance (2011). Contact your state for the most up-to-date information on count methodology.
The number of students a state uses for school district revenue calculations determines the amount of total revenue a district receives. That’s a big deal. So how states arrive at that number of students matters a lot.
ADA is presently used by seven states and is perhaps the most inequitable methodology in practice. ADA risks undercounting enrollment—in particular, the highest-need portion of a district’s enrolled students. The consequence of undercounting is an underfunded school district.
Seat count methods used by at least 28 states are likewise sensitive to absenteeism, but less so than ADA. This is because “Count Day” states can emphasize attendance in order to ensure more accurate census reporting.
But COVID-19 and related school closures create vast uncertainty with regard to what schooling, as an institution, will look like for the 2020-2021 school year. This uncertainty has major implications for the mechanisms that states and local governments use to determine district-level resource allocation, especially attendance-based enrollment calculations.
In this pandemic-era, attendance-based enrollment calculations are no longer a viable policy option for state counts. Continued use of fall enrollment calculation methodologies without modification is risky because of the likelihood for biased (low) enrollment counts for school districts and consequential reductions in total revenue, even for districts tasked with educating a larger number of students.
Instead, policies should consider either of the following options: